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79 9. MS-DOS KERMIT Program: Daphne Tzoar and Jeff Damens, Columbia University; contribu- tions by many others. Language: Microsoft Macro Assembler (MASM) Documentation: Frank da Cruz, Columbia University; Herm Fischer, Litton Data Systems, Van Nuys CA. Version: 2.26 Date: July 1984 Kermit-MS Capabilities At A Glance: Local operation: Yes Remote operation: Yes Transfers text files: Yes Transfers binary files: Yes Wildcard send: Yes ^X/^Y interruption: Yes Filename collision avoidance: Yes Can time out: Yes 8th-bit prefixing: Yes Repeat count prefixing: Yes Alternate block checks: Yes Terminal emulation: Yes Communication settings: Yes Transmit BREAK: Yes IBM mainframe communication: Yes Transaction logging: No Session logging: Yes Raw transmit: No Act as server: Yes Talk to server: Yes Advanced server functions: No Advanced commands for servers: Yes Local file management: Yes Handle file attributes: No Command/init files: Yes Command macros: Yes Kermit-MS is a program that implements the KERMIT file transfer protocol for the IBM PC and several other machines using the same processor family (Intel 8088 or 8086) and operating system family (PC-DOS or MS-DOS, henceforth referred to collectively as MS-DOS, versions 1.1, 2.0, and 2.1, and thereafter). This section will describe the things you should know about the MS-DOS file system in order to make effective use of Kermit, and then it will describe the Kermit-MS program. Version 2 of MS-DOS Kermit runs on a variety of systems, including the IBM PC and XT, the HP-150, the DEC Rainbow 100 and 100+ (MS-DOS 2.05 and above), the Wang PC, and there is a "generic" MS-DOS version. Version 1 was adapted at various stages of development to run on other systems as well, including the Heath/Zenith 100, Tandy 2000, Victor 9000 (Sirius-1), and Seequa Chameleon, and is still available for those sys- tems until support for them and others is added to version 2. 80 The program operates under version 1.1 or 2.0 and above of DOS, although some features require the functionality of 2.0. It runs in ap- proximately 80K of memory -- over and above the memory used by DOS -- which means that your system should have at least 128K of RAM to use version 2 of MS-DOS Kermit; smaller systems may still use Version 1. 9.1. The MS-DOS File System The features of the MS-DOS file system of greatest interest to KERMIT users are the form of the file specifications, and the distinction be- tween pre-MS-DOS 2.0 file names and newer file names which allow direc- tory paths. 9.1.1. File Specifications MS-DOS 2.x file specifications are of the form DEVICE:\PATHNAME\NAME.TYPE where the DEVICE is a single character identifier (for instance, A for the first floppy disk, C for the first fixed disk, D for a RAM disk emulator), PATHNAME is up to 63 characters of identifier(s) (up to 8 characters each) surrounded by reverse slashes, NAME is an identifier of up to 8 characters, and TYPE is an identifier of up to 3 characters in length. Device and pathname may be omitted. The first backslash in the pathname may be omitted if the specified path is relative to the current directory. In the path field, "." means current directory, ".." means parent directory. Some DOS implementations (like Wang) may use slash "/" rather than backslash in the path field. Pathname is normally omitted, and cannot be specified for MS-DOS 1.x or with those commands which allow MS-DOS 1.x use. Device and directory pathnames, when omitted, default to either the user's current disk and directory, or to the current directory search path as specified in the DOS PATH environment variable, depending on the context in which the file name appears. When this manual says that a file is searched for "in the cur- rent path," it means that the PATH is searched first, and if the file is not found, then Kermit-MS looks on the current disk and directory. If the PATH environment variable is empty, Kermit looks only at the current disk and directory. NAME.TYPE is normally sufficient to specify a file, and only this infor- mation is sent along by Kermit-MS with an outgoing file. The device, path, name, and type fields may contain uppercase letters, digits, and the special characters "-" (dash), "_" (underscore), and "$" (dollar sign). (For use only among MS-DOS processors, additional filename special characters allowed are "#&!%'`(){}". DOS 1.x allows others as well.). There are no imbedded or trailing spaces. Other characters may be not be included; there is no mechanism for "quoting" otherwise illegal characters in filenames. The fields of the file specification are set off from one another by the punctuation indicated 81 above. The name field is the primary identifier for the file. The type, also called the extension or suffix, is an indicator which, by convention, tells what kind of file we have. For instance FOO.BAS is the source of a BASIC program named FOO; FOO.OBJ might be the relocatable object module produced by compiling FOO.BAS; FOO.EXE could be an executable program produced by linking FOO.OBJ, and so forth. .EXE and .COM are the normal suffixes for executable programs. The MS-DOS allows a group of files to be specified in a single file specification by including the special "wildcard" characters, "*" and "? ". A "*" matches any string of characters from the current position to the end of the field, including no characters at all; a "?" matches any single character. Here are some examples: *.BAS All files of type BAS (all BASIC source files) in the current directory. FOO.* Files of all types with name FOO. F*.* All files whose names start with F. F?X*.* All files whose names start with F and contain X in the third position, followed by zero or more characters. ?.* All files whose names are exactly one character long. Wildcard notation is used on many computer systems in similar ways, and it is the mechanism most commonly used to instruct Kermit to send a group of files. Note: Kermit-MS uses the "?" character for help while commands are being typed, so the single-character wildcard in Kermit-MS commands is "=" rather than "?". For example Kermit-MS>send =.* would send files of all types whose names were exactly one character long. Kermit-MS users should bear in mind that other (non-MS-DOS) systems may use different wildcard characters. For instance the DEC-20 uses "%" in- stead of "?" as the single character wildcard; when using Kermit-MS to request a wildcard file group from a KERMIT-20 server, the Kermit-MS "=" must be replaced by the DEC-20 "%". 9.1.2. File Formats MS-DOS systems store files as bulk collections of 8 bit bytes, with no particular differences between text, program code, and binary files. ASCII text files consist of lines separated by carriage-return-linefeed sequences (CRLFs), which conforms exactly to the way Kermit represents text files during transmission. Since a non-MS-DOS receiving system might need to make distinctions as to file type, you may need to use 82 various SET functions on the remote system to inform it that the incom- ing file is of some particular (non-default) type, such as binary. In transmitting files between Kermit-MS's, regardless of file contents, the receiving MS-DOS system is equally capable of processing text, code, and data, and in fact has no knowledge of how the bytes in the file are used. MS-DOS (unlike CP/M) is capable of pinpointing the end of file with precision by keeping a byte count in the directory, so one would expect no particular confusion in this regard. However, certain MS-DOS programs continue to use the CP/M convention of terminating a text file with a Control-Z character, and won't operate correctly unless this ter- minating byte is present. Therefore, Kermit-MS users should be aware of a special SET EOF option for both incoming and outbound files, described below. Non-MS-DOS systems may well be confused by nonstandard ASCII files from Kermit-MS. Files produced by Easywriter or Word Star, for example, may need to be converted to conventional ASCII format prior to transmission by commonly available "exporter" programs. Spreadsheet or database files usually need special formatting to be meaningful to non-MS-DOS recipients (though they can be transmitted between MS-DOS systems with Kermit-MS). Furthermore, files created by word processors (such as BLUE or Easy Writer) that store formatting data at the end of the file, after the control-Z and before physical end, will require special processing via SET EOF to strip the formatting data, lest they confuse non-MS-DOS recipients. 9.2. Program Operation Kermit-MS can be run interactively, from a batch file, or as an "external" DOS command. Commands consist of one or more fields, separated by "whitespace" -- one or more spaces or tabs. Upon initial startup, the program executes any commands found in the file MSKERMIT.INI in the current path. This initialization file may contain command macro definitions, communications settings for one or more ports, or any other Kermit-MS commands. Here is a sample MSKERMIT.INI file: set warning on ; Enable filename collision avoidance. ; ; Define some macros ; define unix set local-echo off, set flow xon, set timer off def ibm set parity odd, set local on, set handsh xon, set timer on def modem set port 2, set baud 1200 def noisy set block-check 3, set send packet-length 40 ; ; Select a port ; set port 1 ; Select COM1 for communications, set baud 4800 ; setting the speed to 4800 baud, connect ; and make a terminal connection. 83 Note that comments may be included by prefixing them with a semicolon. The program can be run in several ways. Interactive Operation: To run Kermit-MS interactively, invoke the program from DOS command level by typing its name. When you see the command's prompt, Kermit-MS> you may type Kermit commands repeatedly until you are ready to exit the program, for example: A> A>kermit IBM PC Kermit-MS V2.26 Type ? for help Kermit-MS>send foo.* informational messages about the files being sent Kermit-MS>get bar.* informational messages about the files being received Kermit-MS>exit A> During interactive operation, you may edit the command you're currently typing to erase the character most recently typed (BACKSPACE or DEL), the most recent field (CTRL-W), or the entire command (CTRL-U). In ad- dition, you may use the help ("?") and recognition (ESC) features freely while typing Kermit-MS commands. A question mark typed at almost any point in a command produces a brief description of what is expected or possible at that point; for this reason, Kermit-MS uses "=" for the single-character match wildcard in local filenames. ESC typed at any point, even in a local filename, will cause the current field to be filled out if what you have typed so far is sufficient to identify it, and will leave you in position to type the next field (or to type a "?" to find out what the next field is); otherwise, the program will beep at you and wait for you to type further characters. Some Kermit-MS commands, like GET, SHOW KEY, SET KEY, may prompt for ad- ditional information on subsequent lines. If you have reached one of these prompts and then wish to cancel the command, you may type Control-C. Summary of Kermit-MS Command Characters: BACKSPACE Delete the character most recently typed. May be typed repeatedly to delete backwards. You may also use DELETE, RUBOUT, or equivalent keys. 84 CTRL-W Delete the most recent "word", or field, on the command line. May be typed repeatedly. CTRL-U Delete the entire command line. CTRL-C Cancel the current command and return to the "Kermit-MS>" prompt. ? Type a brief message describing what you are expected to type in the current field. ESC If enough characters have been supplied in the current field (keyword or file name) to uniquely identify it, supply the remainder of the field and position to the next field of the command. Otherwise, sound a beep. = Wildcard character for matching single characters in filenames, equivalent to MS-DOS "?". Command Line Invocation: Kermit-MS may also be invoked with command line arguments from DOS com- mand level, for instance: A>kermit send foo.bar or A>kermit set port 1, set baud 9600, connect In this case, help and recognition are not available (because the program won't start running until after you type the entire command line), and Kermit-MS will exit after completing the specified command or commands. Therefore, when invoked with command line arguments, Kermit-MS will behave as if it were an external DOS command, like MODE. Note that several commands may be given on the command line, separated by commas. Batch Operation: Like other MS-DOS programs, Kermit-MS may be operated under batch with either command line arguments and/or TAKE files; Kermit will also run interactively if invoked from batch, but it will read commands from the keyboard and not the batch file. 9.3. Kermit-MS Commands MS-DOS Kermit implements a large subset of the commands of "ideal" Ker- mit. Here's a brief summary: BYE to remote server. CLOSE log file and stop logging remote session. CONNECT as terminal to remote system. 85 DEFINE macros of Kermit-MS commands. DELETE local files. DIRECTORY listing of local files. DO a macro expansion. EXIT from Kermit-MS. FINISH Shut down remote server. GET remote files from server. HELP about Kermit-MS. LOCAL prefix for local file management commands. LOG remote terminal session. LOGOUT remote server. PUSH to MS-DOS command level. QUIT from Kermit-MS RECEIVE files from remote Kermit. REMOTE prefix for remote file management commands. RUN an MS-DOS program. SEND files to remote Kermit. SERVER mode of remote operation. SET various parameters. SHOW various parameters. SPACE inquiry. STATUS inquiry. TAKE commands from file. The remainder of this section concentrates on the commands that have special form or meaning for MS-DOS Kermit. Not all of the following commands are necessarily available on all MS-DOS systems, and some of the commands may work somewhat differently between DOS versions. 9.3.1. Commands for File Transfer The file transfer commands are SEND, GET, and RECEIVE. THE SEND COMMAND Syntax: SEND filespec1 [filespec2] The SEND command causes a file or file group to be sent from the local MS-DOS system to the Kermit on the remote system. The remote Kermit may be running in either server or interactive mode; in the latter case, you should already have given it a RECEIVE command and escaped back to your PC. filespec1 may contain a device designator, like "A:" and the wildcard characters "*" and/or "=". The current release of Kermit-MS, however, does not allow pathnames in the SEND command file specification. If filespec1 contains wildcard characters then all matching files will be sent, in the same order that MS-DOS would show them in a directory listing. If filespec1 specifies a single file, you may direct Kermit-MS to send that file with a different name, given in filespec2. For in- stance, in the command Kermit-MS>send foo.bar framus.widget 86 filespec2 begins with the first nonblank character after filespec1 and ends with the carriage return; thus it may contain blanks or other un- usual characters that may be appropriate on the target machine. Lower case letters in filespec2 are raised to upper case for transmission. If a file can't be opened for read access, standard MS-DOS recovery procedures will take place. For example: Not ready error reading drive A Abort, Retry, Ignore? If you select "Abort," you will be returned to DOS. Files will be sent with their MS-DOS filename and filetype (for instance FOO.TXT, no device or pathname). Each file is sent as is, with no con- versions done on the data, except for possibly adding or deleting a ter- minating Control-Z character (see the SET EOF command). Once you give Kermit-MS the SEND command, the name of each file will be displayed on your screen as the transfer begins; packet, retry, and other counts will be displayed along with informational messages during the transfer. If the file is successfully transferred, you will see "Complete", otherwise there will be an error message. When the specified operation is done, the program will sound a beep. Several single-character commands may be given while a file transfer is in progress: ^X (Control-X) Stop sending the current file and go on to the next one, if any. ^Z Stop sending this file, and don't send any further files. ^C Return to Kermit-MS command level immediately without sending any kind of notification to the remote system. ^E Like ^C, but send an Error packet to the remote Kermit in an at- tempt to bring it back to server or interactive command level. CR Simulate a timeout: resend the current packet, or NAK the expected one. Control-X and Control-Z send the proper protocol messages to the remote Kermit to bring it gracefully to the desired state. Control-C leaves the remote Kermit in whatever state it happens to be in. Control-E "aborts" any protocol that is taking place. THE RECEIVE COMMAND Syntax: RECEIVE [filespec] The RECEIVE command tells Kermit-MS to receive a file or file group from the other system. Kermit-MS simply waits for the file to arrive; this command is not to be used when talking to a Kermit server (use GET for that). You should already have issued a SEND command to the remote Ker- 87 mit and escaped back to Kermit-MS before issuing the RECEIVE command. If the optional filespec is provided, store the incoming file under that name. The filespec may include a device designator, or may consist of only a device designator. The incoming file is stored on the default or specified device (current directory in DOS 2.0 and thereafter). If no name was specified, the name from the incoming file header packet is used; if that name is not a legal MS-DOS file name, Kermit-MS will delete excessive characters from it, and will change illegal characters to the letter X. If the optional filespec was provided, but more than one file arrives, the first file will be stored under the given filespec, and the remainder will be stored under their own names, but on the specified device. If an incoming file does not arrive in its entirety, Kermit-MS will nor- mally discard it; it will not appear in your directory. You may change this behavior by using the command SET INCOMPLETE KEEP, which will cause as much of the file as arrived to be saved in your directory. The same single-character commands are available as during SEND: ^X Request that the remote Kermit stop sending the current file, and proceed to the next one immediately. Since this is an optional feature of the Kermit protocol, the remote Kermit might not honor the request. ^Z Request that the remote Kermit terminate the entire transfer; this is also an optional feature that may or may not be supported by the remote Kermit. ^C, ^E, and CR operate in the same way as they do during SEND. If the incoming file has the same name as a file that already exists, and WARNING is set ON, Kermit-MS will change the incoming name (and in- form you how it renamed it) so as not to obliterate the pre-existing file. If WARNING is OFF, the original file will be overwritten; if you type ^X or ^Z to interrupt the transfer, you'll either get a partial new file, or else both the old and the new file of that name will be lost, depending on SET INCOMPLETE. In any case, when WARNING is off, files with the same name as incoming files will not survive. Caution: If an incoming file's name (the part before the dot) cor- responds to an MS-DOS device name, such as NUL, COM1, CON, AUX, or PRN, output will go to that device, rather than to a file with that name. This is a feature of MS-DOS. 88 THE GET COMMAND Syntax: GET remote-filespec The GET command requests a remote KERMIT server to send the file or file group specified by remote-filespec. This command can be used only when Kermit-MS has a KERMIT server on the other end of the connection. This means that you must have CONNECTed to the other system, logged in, run KERMIT there, issued the SERVER command, and escaped back (e.g. ^]C) to the local Kermit-MS. If the remote Kermit does not have a SERVER com- mand, then you should use SEND and RECEIVE as described above. You may use the GET command to specify a different name for storing the incoming. Just type GET alone on a line, and you will be prompted separately for the remote filespec and the local filespec: Kermit-MS>get Remote Source File: com1.txt Local Destination File: xcom1.txt If more than one file arrives, only the first will be renamed. The remote filespec is any string that can be a legal file specification for the remote system; it is not parsed or validated locally. It can contain whatever wildcard or file-group notation is valid on the remote system. As files arrive, their names will be displayed on your screen, along with packet traffic statistics and status messages. You may type ^X to request that the current incoming file be cancelled, ^Z to request that the entire incoming batch be cancelled, and ^C or ^E to return im- mediately to the Kermit-MS> prompt, exactly as described for the RECEIVE command. 9.3.2. Commands for Connecting and Disconnecting The CONNECT command connects your PC as a terminal to the remote system, so that you can start up Kermit there. The BYE, FINISH, and LOGOUT com- mands allow you to shut down a remote Kermit server. BYE When communicating with a remote KERMIT server, use the BYE command to shut down the server, log out its job, and exit from Kermit-MS to DOS. FINISH Like BYE, FINISH shuts down the remote server. However, FINISH does not log out the server's job. You are left at Kermit-MS prompt level so that you can connect back to the job on the remote system. LOGOUT The LOGOUT command is identical to the BYE command, ex- cept you will remain at Kermit-MS prompt level, rather than exit to DOS, so that you can establish another con- nection. 89 The CONNECT Command Establish an interactive terminal connection to the system connected to the currently selected communications port (e.g. COM1 or COM2) using full duplex (remote) echoing and no parity unless otherwise specified in previous SET commands. Get back to Kermit-MS by typing the escape character followed by the letter C. The escape character is Control-] by default. You can use the SET ESCAPE command to define a different escape charac- ter, and on some systems (including the PC and XT) you can SET BAUD to change the baud rate, and SET PORT to switch between ports. Terminal emulation is described in greater detail in section 9.4 below. 9.3.3. Commands for File Management Kermit-MS provides commands or managing both local and remote files. THE REMOTE COMMANDS The REMOTE keyword is a prefix for a number of commands. It indicates that the command is to be performed by the remote Kermit, which must be running as a server. Note that not all Kermit servers are capable of executing all these commands, and some Kermit servers may be able to perform functions for which Kermit-MS does not yet have the correspond- ing commands. In case you send a command the server cannot execute, it will send back a message stating that the command is unknown to it. If the remote server can execute the command, it will send the results to your screen. Here are the REMOTE commands which Kermit-MS may issue: CWD [directory] Change Working Directory on the remote host. Change the default source and destination area for file transfer and management. You will be prompted for a password, which will be erased as you type it. If you do not supply a password (i.e. you type only a carriage return), the server will attempt to access the specified directory without a password. If you do not supply a directory name, your default or login directory on the remote system will be assumed. DELETE filespec Delete the specified file or files on the remote system. In response, the remote host should display a list of the files that were or were not successfully deleted. DIRECTORY [filespec] The remote system will provide a directory listing of the specified files. If no files are specified, then all files in the default area (the current working directory) will be listed. HELP The remote host tells what server functions it is capable of. HOST [command] Send the command to the remote system's command proces- 90 sor for execution. SPACE [directory] Provide a brief summary of disk usage in the specified area on the remote host. If none specified, the default or current area will be summarized. TYPE filespec Display the contents of the specified remote file or files on the screen. THE LOCAL COMMAND The LOCAL keyword is a prefix for a number of commands. It indicates that the specified command is to be executed on the local MS-DOS system. The LOCAL prefix may be omitted. The local commands available are: DELETE filespec Deletes the specified file or files. As in DOS, the names of the deleted files are not listed, only the mes- sage "file(s) deleted" or "file(s) not found", and if you give the command "delete *.*", Kermit-MS will prompt "Are you sure?", like DOS. DIRECTORY [filespec] Lists the names, sizes, and creation dates of files that match the given file specification. If no filespec is given, the command is equivalent to DIR *.*. SPACE Performs the MS-DOS CHKDSK function by running the CHKDSK program from the current path, or default disk under DOS 1.1. RUN filespec Runs the specified file, which must be in .EXE or .COM format, from the specified path or according to the value of the PATH variable if no path was included in the filespec. This command requires MS-DOS 2.0 or higher. PUSH Invokes an MS-DOS command processor "under" Kermit-MS, either COMMAND.COM or whatever shell you have specified with COMSPEC. When you return to Kermit-MS (for in- stance, by typing the MS-DOS EXIT command), you will find Kermit-MS as you left it, with all settings intact. This command only works in MS-DOS 2.0 or higher. The local RUN command has various uses, one of which is to supplement the features of Kermit-MS. For instance, suppose there is an involved procedure that you regularly perform on a certain remote system -- this might include giving commands to a modem to dial the system, looking for a particular herald or prompt, performing a login command sequence, run- ning a selected application, and then running Kermit to send the results back to your PC. You could write a program in the compiled language of your choice, say C or BASIC, to send the desired commands to your modem and the remote system and to look for the appropriate responses. You could put all this in a Kermit-MS TAKE command file (see below), like 91 run update.com receive The program, called UPDATE in this case, does everything up to and in- cluding starting Kermit sending from the remote system. When the program terminates, the next Kermit-MS command, "receive," is executed from the command file. When the end of the command file is reached, in- teractive operation is resumed. THE TAKE COMMAND Syntax: TAKE filespec Execute Kermit commands from the specified file, which may include an explicit path; if no path is specified, the value of the PATH variable is used; if PATH has no value, then the current disk and directory are searched. The command file may include TAKE commands, but it cannot in- clude characters to be sent to a remote host during terminal emulation (i.e. after a CONNECT command). A command file may include comments prefixed by semicolons. THE LOG COMMAND Syntax: LOG filespec Specifies that all characters that appear on your screen during CONNECT will be recorded in the specified file. This allows you to "capture" files from a remote system that doesn't have Kermit, as well as to record remote command typescripts. The log is closed when you EXIT from Kermit-MS or when you issue an explicit CLOSE command. 9.3.4. The SERVER Command Kermit-MS is capable of acting as a Kermit server, providing file trans- fer for users coming in through one of the communication ports. The current version of Kermit-MS can send files (the user on the other end types the GET command), receive files (the user types SEND), and ter- minate, giving control back to the console (user types BYE). To put Kermit-MS into server mode, first issue any desired SET commands to select and configure the desired port, and then type the SERVER com- mand. Kermit-MS will await all further instructions from the user Ker- mit on the other end of the connection, which may be hardwired or con- nected through an autoanswer modem. For example: Kermit-MS>set port 1 Kermit-MS>set baud 1200 Kermit-MS>set timer on Kermit-MS>set warning on Kermit-MS>server 92 9.3.5. The SET Command Syntax: SET parameter [value] Establish or modify various parameters for file transfer or terminal connection. You can examine their values with the SHOW command. Note that there is no "set ibm" command; IBM mainframe communication parameters may be selected with a command macro (see below). The fol- lowing SET commands are available in Kermit-MS: BAUD Communications port line speed BELL Whether to beep at the end of a transaction BLOCK-CHECK-TYPE Level of error checking for file transfer DEBUG Display packet contents during file transfer DEFAULT-DISK Default disk drive for file i/o DESTINATION Default destination device for incoming files END-OF-LINE Packet terminator EOF Method for determining or marking end of file ESCAPE Escape character for CONNECT FLOW-CONTROL Enable or disable XON/XOFF HANDSHAKE Half-duplex line turnaround option HEATH19 Heath/Zenith-19 terminal emulation INCOMPLETE What to do with an incompletely received file KEY Specify key redefinitions, or "keystroke macros" LOCAL-ECHO Specify which host does the echoing during CONNECT PARITY Character parity to use PORT Select a communications port PROMPT Change the "Kermit-MS>" prompt to something else RECEIVE Request remote Kermit to use specified parameters REMOTE For running Kermit-MS interactively from back port SEND Use the specified parameters during file transfer TAKE-ECHO Control echoing of commands from TAKE files TIMER Enable/disable timeouts during file transfer WARNING Specify how to handle filename collisions The SET commands that are peculiar to MS-DOS Kermit are now described in greater detail. The others behave as in "ideal" Kermit. SET BAUD Syntax: SET BAUD rate Set the speed of the currently selected terminal communications port (COM1 by default) to 300, 1200, 1800, 2400, 4800, 9600 or other common baud rate. Some implementations do not support this command. In any case, Kermit-MS leaves the current communication port settings alone un- less you issue explicit SET commands to change them. SET BELL Syntax: SET BELL ON or OFF Specifies whether bell (beeper) should sound upon completion of a file transfer operation. 93 SET DEBUG Syntax: SET DEBUG ON or OFF ON Display the Kermit packet traffic on your screen during file transfer. If the debugger is loaded, transfer control to it when CTRL-C is typed. In Heath-19 terminal emulation on the IBM PC, display unusual control characters in uparrow notation. OFF Don't display debugging information (this is the default). If debugging was in effect, turn it off. SET DEFAULT-DISK Syntax: SET DEFAULT-DISK x: Specify the default disk drive to use for file transfer, directory list- ings, and so forth. Equivalent to typing the DOS command for changing disks. SET DESTINATION Syntax: SET DESTINATION device Specify the device for incoming files, DISK or PRINTER. SET DESTINATION PRINTER will cause incoming files to be spooled directly to the printer. The normal destination is DISK. END-OF-LINE Syntax: SET END-OF-LINE number If the remote system needs packets to be terminated by anything other than carriage return, specify the decimal value of the desired ASCII character. SET EOF Syntax: SET EOF option Controls how the end of file is handled. The options are: CTRL-Z Append a Control-Z character to the end of an incoming file, unless it already ends with a Control-Z. Certain MS-DOS text editors and other applications require files to be in this format. For outbound files, treat the first Control-Z as the end of file, and do not send it nor any characters following it. NOCTRL-Z (Default) Store incoming files exactly as is, and send MS DOS files exactly as is (according to their byte count). 94 SET ESCAPE Syntax: SET ESCAPE character Specify the control character you want to use to "escape" from remote connections back to Kermit-MS. The default is normally ^] (Control- Rightbracket). The character is entered literally, and should normally be chosen from the ASCII control range. SET FLOW-CONTROL Syntax: SET FLOW-CONTROL option Specify the full duplex flow control to be done on the currently selected port. The current options are XON/XOFF and NONE. The specified type of flow control will be done during both terminal emula- tion and file transfer. If set to XON/XOFF, HANDSHAKE is automatically set to OFF. SET HANDSHAKE Syntax: SET HANDSHAKE option Specify any half-duplex handshaking to be done on the currently selected port. The options are BELL, CR, LF, NONE, XOFF, or XON. The specified handshaking will be done during file transfer only. If HANDSHAKE is set to anything other than NONE, FLOW-CONTROL is automatically set to OFF. SET HEATH19 Syntax: SET HEATH19 ON or OFF Specify whether Kermit-MS should use its built-in software facility for emulating a Heath/Zenith-19 (H19) terminal. ON During CONNECT, incoming characters are to be examined for H19 terminal screen control commands (escape sequences), and if en- countered, the commands are to be emulated on the PC screen. The H19 codes are a superset of the popular DEC VT52 codes, so if your system does not support the Heath-19, you may tell it that your terminal type is VT52 (or one of the many VT52 compatibles). The Heath-19 codes are listed in section 9.10, below. OFF All incoming characters will be sent to the screen "bare", through DOS. If you have loaded a device driver into DOS for the CON: device, such as ANSI.SYS, then that driver will be able to interpret the codes itself. Most non-IBM systems have their own screen control code interpreter built into DOS or firmware, or available as a loadable device driver. See section 9.4 for details about terminal emulation. 95 SET KEY Syntax: SET KEY key-specifier Specifies that when the designated key is struck during terminal emula- tion, the associated character string is sent. The key-specifier is one of the keywords F1, F2, ..., or SCAN followed by a scan code. Systems that have a BACKSPACE key also include BACKSPACE as a keyword. If SCAN is used, it is followed by a decimal number to indicate the scan code of the key, which you would ascertain from your system reference manual, or else by using the Kermit-MS SHOW KEY command. SET KEY prompts you on a new line for the definition string. Certain charac- ters, like ESC and CR, may not be entered literally into the string, but can be included by inserting escape codes of the form \ooo, a backslash followed by a 2- or 3-digit octal number corresponding to the ASCII value of the desired character. If some other key redefinition package, like ProKey, has been loaded, then its redefinitions will take precedence over Kermit's. The SET KEY command is illustrated in the terminal emulation section, 9.4, below. SET LOCAL-ECHO Syntax: SET LOCAL-ECHO option Specify how characters are echoed during terminal emulation on the cur- rently selected port. ON specifies that characters are to be echoed by Kermit-MS (because neither the remote computer nor the communications circuitry has been requested to echo), and is appropriate for half- duplex connections. LOCAL-ECHO is OFF by default, for full-duplex, remote echo operation. When you SET LOCAL-ECHO ON, the current HANDSHAKE (if any) is automati- cally enabled and full-duplex FLOW-CONTROL is automatically turned off. When you SET LOCAL-ECHO OFF, HANDSHAKE is also disabled, and the current mode of FLOW-CONTROL (if any) is enabled. If this behavior is un- desired, you may override it by typing explicit SET HANDSHAKE or SET FLOW commands after entering the SET LOCAL-ECHO command. SET PARITY Syntax: SET PARITY keyword Specify the character parity to be used on the currently selected port. The choices for SET PARITY are NONE (the default), ODD, EVEN, MARK, and SPACE. NONE means no parity processing is done, and the 8th bit of each character can be used for data when transmitting binary files. You will need to SET PARITY to ODD, EVEN, MARK, or possibly SPACE when communicating with a system, or over a network, or through modems, con- centrators, multiplexers, or front ends that require or impose character parity on the communication line. For instance, GTE Telenet requires 96 MARK parity. If you neglect to SET PARITY when the communications equi- pment requires it, the symptom may be that terminal emulation works par- tially, and file transfer does not work at all. If you have set parity to ODD, EVEN, MARK, or SPACE, then Kermit-MS will request that binary files will be transferred using 8th-bit-prefixing. If the other side knows how to do 8th-bit-prefixing (this is an optional feature of the KERMIT protocol, and not all implementations of KERMIT have it), then binary files can be transmitted successfully. If NONE is specified, 8th-bit-prefixing will not be requested. Note that there is no advantage to using parity; it only slows Kermit file transfer down. The SET PARITY command is provided only to allow Kermit to adapt to hardware that insists upon using parity. SET PORT Syntax: SET PORT number On machines with more than one communications port, select the port to use for file transfer and CONNECT. This command lets you use a dif- ferent asynchronous adapter, or switch between two or more simultaneous remote sessions. Subsequent SET BAUD, PARITY, HANDSHAKE, FLOW, and LOCAL-ECHO commands will apply to this port only. SET PORT 1 selects COM1, SET PORT 2 selects COM2. SET REMOTE Syntax: SET REMOTE ON or OFF If you wish to run Kermit-MS interactively through the back port, for instance after the operator has done CTTY COM1, you must give the com- mand SET REMOTE ON; this suppresses the file transfer display screen, so that the display won't interfere with the file transfer itself. SET RECEIVE Syntax: SET RECEIVE parameter value At the beginning of a protocol operation, request the remote Kermit to use the given value specified parameter, or inform Kermit-MS that the remote Kermit will be using it. PACKET-LENGTH Ask the remote Kermit to use the specified maximum length for packets that it sends to Kermit-MS. The nor- mal (and maximum) length is 94. Use this command to shorten packets if the communication line is noisy; this will decrease the probability that a particular packet will be corrupted, and will reduce the retransmission overhead when corruption occurs, but it will increase the protocol overhead. PADCHAR Ask the remote Kermit to use the given character for in- terpacket padding. Kermit-MS should never require any 97 padding. PADDING Ask the remote Kermit to insert the given number of pad- ding characters before each packet it sends. This should never be necessary. START-OF-PACKET The remote Kermit will be marking the beginning of pack- ets with something other than Control-A. This will be necessary only if the hosts or communication equipment involved cannot pass a Control-A through as data. TIMEOUT Ask the remote Kermit to time out after the given number of seconds if a packet expected from Kermit-MS has not arrived. Use this command to change the normal timeout interval. SET SEND Syntax: SET SEND parameter value PACKET-LENGTH Use the specified maximum length for outbound packets. Normally, Kermit-MS uses whatever length the other Ker- mit requests. PADCHAR Use the specified character for interpacket padding. Some hosts may require some padding characters (normally NUL or DEL) before a packet. PADDING How many padding characters to use between packets, nor- mally zero. QUOTE Use the indicated printable character for prefixing (quoting) control characters and other prefix charac- ters. The only reason to change this would be for send- ing a very long file that contains very many "#" charac- ters (the normal control prefix) as data. START-OF-PACKET Mark the beginning of outbound packets with some control character other than Control-A. This will be necessary only if the remote host or the communication channel in- volved cannot accept a Control-A as data. The remote host must have been given the corresponding SET RECEIVE START-OF-PACKET command. TIMEOUT Change Kermit-MS's normal timeout interval; this command is effective only if TIMER is set to be ON; it is nor- mally OFF so that the remote KERMIT can control timeouts. 98 SET TAKE-ECHO Syntax: SET TAKE-ECHO ON or OFF Specifies whether screen display should occur during implicit or ex- plicit TAKE operations on MSKERMIT.INI or other Kermit-MS command files, and during evaluation of macro definitions. Handy for finding errors in command files. SET TIMER Syntax: SET TIMER ON or OFF Enable or disable the timer that is used during file transfer to break the deadlock that occurs when an expected packet does not arrive. By default, the timer is OFF, because Kermit-MS is usually used in conjunc- tion with a mainframe that is doing its own timeouts. During a file transfer, it is sufficient for one side to do the timing out and the mainframe is usually better equipped to adjust timeout intervals based on system load or other conditions. The timer should be set ON if you are communicating with a system that cannot do timeouts, such as IBM VM/CMS Kermit. SET WARNING Syntax: SET WARNING option Specify what to do when an incoming file has the same name as an exist- ing file in the default directory of the default device. If ON, Kermit will warn you when an incoming file has the same name as an existing file, and automatically rename the incoming file (as indicated in the warning message) so as not to destroy (overwrite) the pre-existing one. If OFF, the pre-existing file is destroyed, even if the incoming file does not arrive completely. 9.3.6. The SHOW Command Syntax: SHOW option Currently, most parameters that may be altered with SET commands are displayed by the STATUS command. The SHOW command is used for display- ing macro definitions and key redefinitions. The SHOW MACROS command displays the definitions of all currently defined macros. The SHOW KEY command allows you to determine the scan code produced by pressing a given key, so that you can construct a SET KEY command to redefine the key. If the key already has a redefinition in effect, that too will be displayed. In this example, a DEC Rainbow user determines the scan code for the accent grave key, and then redefines that key to send ESC: 99 Kermit-MS>show key Press a key: ` Scan Code: 96 Definition: Kermit-MS>set key scan 96 Definition string: \33 Kermit-MS>show key Press a key: ` Scan Code: 96 Definition: \33 Kermit-MS> The SHOW KEY command only works on certain systems. 9.3.7. Command Macros Kermit-MS provides a facility for combining commands into "macros." Command macro definitions may be included in your MSKERMIT.INI file, TAKEn explicitly from a specified file, or typed interactively, and may be invoked with the DO command. THE DEFINE COMMAND Kermit-MS command macros are constructed with the DEFINE command. The syntax is DEFINE macro-name [command [, command [, ...]]] Any Kermit-MS commands may be included. Example: define telenet set parity mark, set baud 1200, connect THE DO COMMAND A Kermit-MS command macro is invoked using the DO command. For in- stance, Kermit-MS comes with a predefined macro to allow convenient setup for IBM communications; to invoke it, you would type do ibm The IBM macro is defined as "parity mark, handshake xon, local-echo on, timer on". You can delete or replace this definition by adding a new (perhaps null) definition, such as define ibm parity even, handshake cr, local-echo on, timer on or define ibm 100 9.4. Terminal Emulation When you issue the CONNECT command, your PC acts as a terminal connected to a remote computer through the currently selected port. The charac- ters you type are sent out the port, and characters that arrive at the port are displayed on your screen. If you have not previously issued a SET PORT command, COM1 is used. If you have SET LOCAL-ECHO ON for the selected port, then Kermit-MS will display characters on the screen as you type them. If LOCAL-ECHO is OFF, then XON/XOFF flow control will be done unless you have SET FLOW-CONTROL OFF. If you have SET PARITY to anything other than NONE, Kermit-MS will add the appropriate parity to each outbound character, and strip any parity from incoming ones. While CONNECTed, you can also communicate with an autodialer or "smart modem" to control the communications line, hang it up, and the like; for in- stance, typing +++ to a Hayes-like modem will allow you to follow that by dialing or hangup commands. If Heath-19 emulation is being done, incoming characters will be monitored for H19/VT52 escape sequences. These will be interpreted ac- cording to the table in section 9.10. In addition, keys on the numeric keypad will send H19/VT52 sequences unless you disable this feature in some way, for instance by pressing Num Lock on the IBM PC keyboard, or with key redefinitions. Caution: On some systems, such as the IBM PC and XT, Kermit-MS accesses the screen memory memory directly to perform certain H19 emulation functions such as character insert/delete and screen scroll. Without direct screen memory access, these func- tions would be painfully slow. Although Kermit-MS has been tested successfully on a variety of monochrome and color adap- ters and monitors, there may be combinations for which this method could cause video problems, such as snow. Should this occur, you can alleviate the problem by setting HEATH19 emula- tion OFF. In that case, however, you remove not only the problems, but also the desirable features of emulation. But Kermit-MS does permit you to load an external console device driver, such as IBM's ANSI.SYS, to provide any desired screen control. Here are the terminal emulation options for the systems presently sup- ported by Kermit-MS: System EscChar Cabilities Terminal Service IBM PC, XT ^] R M P K Heath19 emulation DEC Rainbow ^] R P K VT102 firmware HP-150 ^] R HP-2623 firmware Wang PC ^A Wang firmware Generic DOS ^] Depends on system Under Capabilities, R means rollback, M means mode line, P means printer control, and K means key redefinition. IBM PC/XT Kermit can disable Heath-19 emulation and use an external con- sole device driver like ANSI.SYS instead. When you first issue the CONNECT command, a message (on some systems, an 101 inverse video "mode line") will display the most important facts about the connection you've just established, so that you can quickly diagnose any problems. The items displayed in the mode line include the escape character, port number, the baud rate, the parity, the echo, and how to get help, for instance: +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ |EscChar:^],Port:1,Baud:9600,Parity:None,Echo:Remote,Type ^]? for Help| +---------------------------------------------------------------------+ The escape character is used to regain the attention of Kermit-MS. When you type the escape character, Kermit-MS waits for you to follow it with a single character command. For instance, the single-character-command "?" produces a list of available single character commands, such as this: ? Help -- prints the available single-character commands. C Close the connection and return to Kermit-MS prompt level. S Show the status of the connection. B Send a BREAK signal to the port. 0 (the digit zero) Send a NUL (ASCII 0) to the port. Q Temporarily quit logging the remote session. R Resume logging the remote session. M Toggle the mode line, i.e. turn it off if it is on & vice versa. ^] (or whatever you have set the escape character to be) Typing the escape character twice sends one copy of it to the con- nected host. Typing any other character (except the space bar, which is the "null command") after the escape character will cause Kermit-MS to beep, but will do no harm. The escape character can be changed to something other than Control-Rightbracket by using the SET ESCAPE command. Kermit-MS includes several advanced features for use during terminal emulation, including screen scroll, printer control, and key redefini- tions. Screen Scroll Kermit-MS provides several pages of screen memory, which may be scrolled up and down using keys as follows: Function IBM PC/XT Rainbow HP-150 Screen Down PgDn PrevScreen Prev Line Down Ctrl-PgDn Ctrl-PrevScreen Shift-UpArrow Screen Up PgUp NextScreen Next Line Up Ctrl-PgUp Ctrl-NextScreen Shift-DownArrow Top of Memory Home Bottom of Memory End There is presently no way to assign these functions to other keys. 102 Printer Control A locally attached printer may be controlled in the normal manner, on most systems. Pushing the "Print Screen" key (shifted on some systems) will cause the current contents of the screen to be printed or spooled; holding down CTRL while depressing Print Screen will start or stop the spooling of incoming characters to the printer. ^P or ^N are sent to the host during terminal emulation, and do not toggle printing, as they do when you're talking directly to DOS. CTRL-Print-Screen can be simulated with the Kermit-MS LOG PRN and CLOSE commands. Key Redefinitions Key redefinitions are useful for defining "keystroke macros" of login sequences, frequently issued commands, and so forth, and for setting up the terminal for use with host resident software designed to work with terminals that send predefined sequences from their function keys. For instance, here's a key redefinition file for arranging the DEC Rainbow keyboard into the normal ASCII keyboard layout: ; Make shift-comma send a left angle bracket set key scan 556 < ; Shift-period sends a right angle bracket set key scan 558 > ; Accent grave is where ESC is supposed to be set key scan 96 \33 ; Put accent grave on the ESC function key set key f11 ` The SET KEY facility may be used provide the PC with a "meta" key for use with editors like EMACS or TVEDIT that can use "meta characters" as commands. A meta key is a shift key whose effect is to turn on the 8th (parity) bit of the character. 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